Philosophy Workshop: What is Virtue?
What is Virtue? (More than Just Ethics!)
with Community Philosopher David Nowakowski
Workshop description & what we explored
The notion of virtue holds a central place in classical theories of what it means to live a good life. Indeed, the Greek term for virtue, aretē, simply means “excellence,” and who would seriously want to say, “No, my life would be good enough — or even better — without being excellent”?
The classical philosophers of Greece mentioned quite a few different virtues, or excellences, for human beings — some of which applied to all humans, while others were relative to specific occupations or circumstances (for instance, the virtues of an excellent doctor or an excellent carpenter, which people outside those professions might not need or care about). Among the virtues common to all human beings, four core excellences traditionally stood out: wisdom, justice, courage, and moderation.
In this evening’s program, we reflected on “virtue” in general, and these four cardinal virtues in particular, within traditional philosophies of human life. And we examined how these virtues can extend well beyond the narrow domain of ethics, to encompass a much wider scope of our human aspirations and relationships. Taking a cue from Damascius (6th century CE), the last head of the Platonic Academy in Athens, we considered seven different levels on which the virtues of wisdom, justice, courage, and moderation can manifest in a well-lived human life — only one of which is the “ethical.”
Given the wide scope of the evening’s topic, we certainly did not arrive at a full account of all the details. But we began to see the general shape of things: an outline which we can explore further and work to fill in through subsequent reading, study, and contemplation. Our goal for the night was to articulate this general vision, as something potentially worthwhile and inspiring, something worth doing the work to explore, fill in, and embody.
We used some short extracts from the writings of Damascius and other ancient thinkers to frame and organize our conversation, opening up a space in which we could meaningfully and deeply explore an approach to virtue that’s much more expansive than what we often encounter in contemporary life.
Resources

For additional resources visit David’s substack page, which has a version of the above handout that he crafted for our workshop plus some additional details!
Photos
About Our Workshop Leader

David Nowakowski is a philosopher and educator in the Helena area whose professional work is dedicated to helping people of all ages and backgrounds access, understand, and apply the traditions of ancient philosophy to their own lives. David began studying ancient philosophies and classical languages in 2001 and has continued ever since. A scholar of the philosophical traditions of the ancient Mediterranean (Greece, Rome, and North Africa) and of the Indian subcontinent, reading Sanskrit, Latin, and classical Greek, he earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from Princeton University in 2014.